Prevalence, Perceived Risk Factors and Effects of Enuresis among School-age Children in Nsukka Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria
Uju Ifeoma Nnubia1, Chidiogo Lovelyn Umennuihe1*, Ezinne Judith Nwauzoije1, Mmesomachukwu Mmachukwu Okeke1
1Department of Home Science and Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
*Correspondence: Chidiogo Lovelyn Umennuihe, Department of Home Science and Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria (Email: chidiogo.ezeonyeche@unn.edu.ng)
Abstract: This study investigated the prevalence, perceived risk factors and effects of enuresis among school-age children in Nsukka local government area. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design with a population of 7,794 Junior Secondary Students within the age range of 9-12years in the study area. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 820 students from 10 selected schools. A structured questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.86 Cronbach’s alpha showing a good internal consistency of the test items. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages means and standard deviations. Findings showed that prevalence of bedwetting among the respondents was 17.8%, 14.6% among males and 24.4% among females. The prevalence of primary bedwetting was 12.7%, 5.0% experienced secondary bedwetting, 15.0% experienced nocturnal enuresis and 2.6% experienced diurnal bedwetting. Dreaming of urinating, drinking a lot of fluid before bed and cold weather were some of the risk factors of bedwetting identified by the respondents. Some of the effects of bedwetting identified by the respondents were that bedwetting children often smell bad and bedwetting makes children feel sad. Preventive, curative, hygiene management and reinforcement strategies for enuresis were identified by the respondents. It was concluded that bedwetting negatively affects children in such ways as making them have an offensive smell, sad feelings, mockery and loss of respect from friends. School authorities should therefore make out time within the school year, to create awareness and teach school children about enuresis to reduce the stigma and embarrassment they face.
Keywords: Bedwetting, Enuresis, Prevalence, Risk factor, School-age children
References
Abdulkadir, A., Abubakar, B. M., Tela, U. M., Ahmed, M., Bello, A., & Ahmad, M. Y. (2019). Prevalence of enuresis among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sahel Medical Journal, 22(4), 157. https://doi.org/10.4103/SMJ.SMJ_41_18
Abiodun, M. ., & Oluwafemi, R. . (2017). Enuresis in Southwestern Nigerian Children : Prevalence, Risk Factors and Parental Perception of Treatment. Kanem Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(1), 22–31. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/kjms/article/view/222309/209747
Akhavizadegan, H., Locke, J. A., Stothers, L., & Kavanagh, A. (2019). A comprehensive review of adult enuresis. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 13(8), 282. https://doi.org/10.5489/CUAJ.5485
Anyanwu, O. U., Ibekwe, R. C., & Orji, M. L. (2015a). Nocturnal enuresis among Nigerian children and its association with sleep, behavior and school performance. Indian Pediatrics, 52(7), 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13312-015-0680-4/METRICS
Anyanwu, O. U., Ibekwe, R., & Orji, M. L. (2015b). Nocturnal enuresis among Nigerian children and its association with sleep, behavior and school performance. Indian Pediatrics, 52(July), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-015-0680-4
Baird, D. ., Seehusen, D. A., & Bode, D. . (2014). Enuresis in children: a case based approach - PubMed. American Family Physicians, 90(8), 560–568. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25369644/
Barry, J. (2022). Winter bedwetting. BabyU. https://babyu.com.au/blogs/winter-bedwetting
Bayne, A. P., & Skoog, S. J. (2014). Nocturnal enuresis: An approach to assessment and treatment. Pediatrics in Review, 35(8), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1542/PIR.35-8-327
Cafasso, J. (2019, August 19). Bedwetting: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatments. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/bedwetting
Cederblad, M. (2015). The family and the wet bed: The parents’ perspective and the child’s treatment [Uppsala University]. https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:799336/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Changizi Ashtiyani, S., Shamsi, M., Cyrus, A., & Tabatabayei, S. M. (2013). Rhazes, a genius physician in the diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis in medical history. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(8), 633–638. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.5017
Cleveland Clinic. (2023). Bedwetting (Nocturnal Enuresis) Causes & Treatment. Disease & Conditions. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15075-bedwetting
Colman, J. (2017). Enuresis. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/enuresis
Cuzzo, B., Padala, S. A., & Lappin, S. L. (2020). Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH) - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. StatPearls Publishing LLC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526069/
Darling, J. C. (2010). Management of nocturnal enuresis. Trends in Urology, Gynaecology & Sexual Health, 15(3), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/TRE.153
De Sousa, A., Kapoor, H., Jagtap, J., & Sen, M. (2007). Prevalence and factors affecting enuresis amongst primary school children. Indian Journal of Urology, 23(4), 354–357. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.36703
Eaker, S. (2022). Psychological Causes of Bedwetting. Aeroflow Urology. https://aeroflowurology.com/blog/the-psychological-causes-of-bedwetting#psychology-children
Edwards, S. (2015). 10 Things You Didn’T Know About the World’S Population. In United Nations Population Fund. http://www.unfpa.org/news/10-things-you-didn’t-know-about-world’s-population
Elbahnasawy, H. T., & Elnagar, M. A. (2015). Psychological Impact of Nocturnal Enuresis on Self-esteem of School Children. American Journal of Nursing Research, 3(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.12691/AJNR-3-1-4
Grzeda, M. T., Heron, J., Gontard, A. Von, & Joinson, C. (2017). Effects of urinary incontinence on psychosocial outcomes in adolescence. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(6), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0928-0
Gunes, A., Gunes, G., Acik, Y., & Akilli, A. (2009). The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children in southeast of Turkey: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-357
Gür, E., Turhan, P., Can, G., Akkus, S., Sever, L., Güzelöz, S., Çifçili, S., & Arvas, A. (2004). Enuresis: prevalence, risk factors and urinary pathology among school children in Istanbul, Turkey. Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, 46(1), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1442-200X.2004.01824.X
Huang, H. M., Wei, J., Sharma, S., Bao, Y., Li, F., Song, J. W., Wu, H. Bin, Sun, H. L., Li, Z. J., Liu, H. N., Wu, Q., & Jiang, H. L. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of nocturnal enuresis among children ages 5-12 years in Xi’an, China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics, 20(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12887-020-02202-W/TABLES/3
Iduoriyekemwen, N. J., Ibadin, M. O., & Abiodun, P. O. (2006). Survey of childhood enuresis in the Ehor community, the EDO State, Nigeria. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 17(2), 177–182. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16903624/
Iduoriyekemwen, N. J., & Nwaneri, D. . (2017). Treatment options for primary nocturnal enuresis by parents in a Nigerian community. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 29(1), 55–61. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcmphc/article/view/160832
Kanaheswari, Y. (2003). Epidemiology of childhood nocturnal enuresis in Malaysia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 39(2), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1440-1754.2003.00105.X
Kaneko, K. (2012). Treatment for nocturnal enuresis: the current state in Japan. Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, 54(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1442-200X.2011.03554.X
Kaslow, N. (2008, February 27). What Are The Most Common Signs And Symptoms Of Depression In Children/Adolescents? ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/DepressionScreening/story?id=4356242
Kiddoo, D. A. (2012). Practice Nocturnal enuresis. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 184(8), 908–911. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.111652
Kimberly-Clark. (2022). Do punishment and reward help to stop bedwetting. Goodnite. https://www.goodnites.com/en-us/resources/bedwetting-solutions/rewards-and-punishment
Mahmoodzadeh, H., Amestejani, M., Karamyar, M., & Nikibakhsh, A. A. (2013). Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in school aged children the role of personal and parents related socio-economic and educational factors. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(1), 59–64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574993/
National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). (2010). Impact of bedwettingon children and young people and their families. In Nocturnal Enuresis: The management of bedwetting in children and young people: Vol. No. 111. Royal College of Physicians (UK). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62729/
Nuru Hassen, I., Daniel, T., & Ephrem, M. (2021). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Enuresis among Children in Adama City, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. International Journal of Physiatry, 7(1), 021. https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4215.1510021
Pandey, S., Oza, H. J., Shah, H., & Vankar, G. K. (2019). Rate and risk factors of nocturnal enuresis in school going children. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28(2), 306. https://doi.org/10.4103/IPJ.IPJ_15_18
Paul, N., Alikor, E., & Anochie, I. (2011). Prevalence of enuresis among primary school children in Port Harcourt. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 39(1), 18–21. https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v39i1.4
Pierce, C. M. (1963). Vi. dream studies in enuresis research. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 8(6), 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674376300800613
Radunovich, H. L., & Evans, G. D. (2021). Bedwetting. IFAS Extension, University of Florida. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HE794
Rincon, M. G., Leslie, S. W., & Lotfollahzadeh, S. (2023a). Nocturnal Enuresis. In NCBI Bookshelf. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545181/?report=reader
Rincon, M. G., Leslie, S. W., & Lotfollahzadeh, S. (2023b). Nocturnal Enuresis. StatPearls -, 1–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545181/
Robson, W. L. (2009). Clinical practice: Evaluation and management of enuresis. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(14), 1429–1436. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp0808009
Robson, W. L. . (2022, April 14). Enuresis treatment and management. Drugs & Diseases. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1014762-treatment?form=fpf
Robson, W. L. M. (2024). Enuresis. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1014762-overview?form=fpf#a4
Sarabi, M., Nikpasand, N., Mahmoudabadi, E., Torshizian, A., Ghodsi, A., & Azarfar, A. (2022). Comprehensive Review of Nocturnal Enuresis in Children. Journal of Pediatrics Review, 10(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.3.995.1
Sullivan, S., Joinson, C., & Heron, J. (2015). Factors predicting atypical development of nighttime bladder control. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 36(9), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000229
U.S National Library of Medicine. (2018, April 5). What are the treatment options for bedwetting? Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279492/
UNICEF. (2022, June). Primary School Age Education. UNICEF Data. https://data.unicef.org/topic/education/primary-education/
Urology Care Foundation. (2022). Nocturnal enuresis (Bedwetting). Urology A - Z. https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/bed-wetting-(enuresis)
Van Herzeele, C., & Vande Walle, J. (2016). Incontinence and psychological problems in children: a common central nervous pathway? Pediatric Nephrology, 31(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3336-2
Virtual Medical Centre. (2012, February). Impact of Bed Wetting. https://www.printfriendly.com/p/g/PFZZ9S
von Gontard, A. (2012). Enuresis. In J. M. Rey (Ed.), ACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (pp. 1–34). International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. www.robertamos.com
von Gontard, A., Schaumburg, H., Hollman, E., Eiberg, H., & Rittig, S. (2001). The genetics of enuresis: a review. The Journal of Urology, 166(6), 2438–2443. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-200112000-00117
Weintraub, Y., Singer, S., Alexander, D., Hacham, S., Menuchin, G., Lubetzky, R., Steinberg, D. M., & Pinhas-Hamiel, O. (2013). Enuresis--an unattended comorbidity of childhood obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 37(1), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/IJO.2012.108
Publication date:
DOI
License
Vol
Issue
Page Number
How to cite:
Nnubia, U.I., Umennuihe, C.L., Nwauzoije, E.J., & Okeke, M.M. (2024). Prevalence, Perceived Risk Factors and Effects of Enuresis among School-age Children in Nsukka Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Home Economics, Hospitality and Allied Research, 3(1), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.57012/ijhhr.v3n1.016